Aluminum is a causal factor in increasing the amount of neurotoxic beta amyloid oligomers in the brain and increasing the neurotoxicity of the beta amyloid 77,51-53. In addition, aluminum containing AB 1-42 oligomers (0.5 micromole) are more neurotoxic than aluminum-free AB 1-42 oligomers (0.5micromole)53.
Therefore aluminum is the causal factor of Alzheimer’s and an increased level of neurotoxic beta amyloid oligomers is a mediator of aluminum causing AD.
A potential reason for why aluminum increases the risk of AD in those with the ApoE4 allele is that this allele not only increases the risk of AD at an early age it also increases the amount of cerebral beta-amyloid (AB 1-42)178.
Rung 6 in the book
Finding a Cause and Potential Cures for Alzheimer’s Disease Climbing the Ladder of AD Causation by Dennis N Crouse discusses this research in detail. Here is the introduction of the book.
http://prevent-alzheimers-autism-stroke ... or.html
77. Wang, Y., et al.; Effect of aluminum combined with ApoE4 on tau phosphorylation and AB deposition; J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol.; March; 64:126700 (2021)
https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio ... deposition
178. Farrer, L.A., et al.; Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease; Oct.; JAMA; 278(16):1349-56 (1997) You can join research gate for free to get this paper
https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio ... Consortium
51. Luo, Y., et al.; Altered expression of Abeta metabolism-associated molecules from D-galactose/AlCl(3) induced mouse brain; Mech. Ageing Dev. Apr.; 130(4):248-52 (2008)
52. Liang, R.F., et al.; Impact of sub-chronic aluminum-maltolate exposure on catabolism of amyloid precursor protein in rats; Biomed. Environ. Sci.; 26(6):445-52 (2013)
53 Drago, D., et al.; Potential pathological role of -amyloid1-42-aluminum complex in Alzheimer’s disease; Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.; 40:731-46 (2008)
https://research.rug.nl/en/publications ... mplex-in
https://research.rug.nl/en/publications ... complex-in